Tool to analyze trigram appearance frequency in a message. A trigram is the association of 3 characters, usually 3 letters that appear consecutively in a message.
Trigrams - dCode
Tag(s) : Cryptanalysis
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Trigrams
Trigrams Frequency Analysis
Answers to Questions (FAQ)
What is a trigram? (Definition)
Trigrams are groups of three 3 characters (often 3 letters).
How to analyse trigrams?
In cryptography, there are 2 main modes of appearance of trigrams:
— A trigram can appear when a single character (or a bigram) is encrypted by 3 characters.
Example: A can become 'BCD', or AB can become CDE
In this case, the number of distinct trigrams is much less than the total number of possible trigrams.
— A trigram can be derived from the substitution/encryption of another trigram
Example: ABC can become DEF
In this case, there will be as many trigrams as there are trigrams in the plain text.
What are the most common trigrams in english?
The top 100 trigrams that appear in the english language are:
| THE | 1.87% | AND | 0.78% | ING | 0.69% | HER | 0.42% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THA | 0.37% | ENT | 0.36% | ERE | 0.33% | ION | 0.33% |
| ETH | 0.32% | NTH | 0.32% | HAT | 0.31% | INT | 0.29% |
| FOR | 0.28% | ALL | 0.27% | STH | 0.26% | TER | 0.26% |
| EST | 0.26% | TIO | 0.26% | HIS | 0.25% | OFT | 0.24% |
| HES | 0.24% | ITH | 0.24% | ERS | 0.24% | ATI | 0.24% |
| OTH | 0.23% | FTH | 0.23% | DTH | 0.23% | VER | 0.22% |
| TTH | 0.22% | THI | 0.22% | REA | 0.21% | SAN | 0.21% |
| WIT | 0.21% | ATE | 0.2% | ARE | 0.2% | EAR | 0.19% |
| RES | 0.19% | ONT | 0.18% | TIN | 0.18% | ESS | 0.18% |
| RTH | 0.18% | WAS | 0.18% | SOF | 0.18% | EAN | 0.17% |
| YOU | 0.17% | SIN | 0.17% | STO | 0.17% | IST | 0.17% |
| EDT | 0.16% | EOF | 0.16% | EVE | 0.16% | ONE | 0.16% |
| AST | 0.16% | ONS | 0.16% | DIN | 0.16% | OME | 0.16% |
| CON | 0.16% | ERA | 0.16% | STA | 0.15% | OUR | 0.15% |
| NCE | 0.15% | TED | 0.15% | GHT | 0.15% | HEM | 0.15% |
| MAN | 0.15% | HEN | 0.15% | NOT | 0.15% | ORE | 0.15% |
| OUT | 0.15% | ORT | 0.15% | ESA | 0.15% | ERT | 0.15% |
| SHE | 0.14% | ANT | 0.14% | NGT | 0.14% | EDI | 0.14% |
| ERI | 0.14% | EIN | 0.14% | NDT | 0.14% | NTO | 0.14% |
| ATT | 0.14% | ECO | 0.13% | AVE | 0.13% | MEN | 0.13% |
| HIN | 0.13% | HEA | 0.13% | IVE | 0.13% | EDA | 0.13% |
| INE | 0.13% | RAN | 0.13% | HEC | 0.13% | TAN | 0.13% |
| RIN | 0.13% | ILL | 0.13% | NDE | 0.13% | THO | 0.13% |
| HAN | 0.13% | COM | 0.12% | IGH | 0.12% | AIN | 0.12% |
For information/comparison, in French language it is:
| ENT | 0.84% | LES | 0.77% | QUE | 0.62% | EDE | 0.61% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DES | 0.56% | RES | 0.43% | EST | 0.42% | ELA | 0.41% |
| EME | 0.41% | ELE | 0.41% | SDE | 0.4% | ION | 0.39% |
| LLE | 0.38% | ERE | 0.37% | TRE | 0.37% | ESE | 0.37% |
| ANT | 0.37% | MEN | 0.36% | OUR | 0.35% | AIT | 0.34% |
| DEL | 0.33% | UNE | 0.33% | NTE | 0.32% | PAR | 0.31% |
| EUR | 0.3% | ESD | 0.3% | TIO | 0.29% | TDE | 0.28% |
| IEN | 0.28% | ESA | 0.28% | ONT | 0.28% | QUI | 0.27% |
| SSE | 0.27% | ANS | 0.27% | ITE | 0.27% | IRE | 0.26% |
| SLE | 0.26% | ESP | 0.25% | CON | 0.25% | SON | 0.25% |
| ESS | 0.25% | ONS | 0.25% | NDE | 0.25% | ECO | 0.24% |
| TES | 0.24% | ATI | 0.24% | EQU | 0.23% | DAN | 0.23% |
| AIS | 0.23% | IQU | 0.22% | ETE | 0.22% | TER | 0.22% |
| CHE | 0.22% | OND | 0.21% | ELL | 0.21% | IER | 0.21% |
| RLE | 0.21% | ESC | 0.21% | TLE | 0.21% | TEN | 0.2% |
| PRE | 0.2% | INE | 0.2% | UEL | 0.2% | EAU | 0.2% |
| NES | 0.2% | POU | 0.2% | ILL | 0.2% | URE | 0.2% |
| ISE | 0.2% | CES | 0.2% | EET | 0.2% | SQU | 0.2% |
| SEN | 0.2% | ETA | 0.19% | OUS | 0.19% | SET | 0.19% |
| ESO | 0.19% | ECE | 0.19% | EPA | 0.19% | NCE | 0.19% |
| TOU | 0.19% | SES | 0.19% | DEC | 0.19% | COM | 0.19% |
| ONN | 0.19% | NNE | 0.18% | ERA | 0.18% | REN | 0.18% |
| NTD | 0.17% | SER | 0.17% | URS | 0.17% | MME | 0.17% |
| NTA | 0.17% | ALE | 0.17% | ETR | 0.16% | OUT | 0.16% |
| RAI | 0.16% | RAN | 0.16% | AIN | 0.16% | RDE | 0.16% |
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